Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Father of Microbiology

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Father of Microbiology Anton van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632–August 30, 1723) invented the first practical microscopes and used them to become the first person to see and describe bacteria, among other microscopic discoveries.  Indeed, van Leeuwenhoeks work effectively refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation, the theory that living organisms could spontaneously emerge from nonliving matter. His studies also led to the development of the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology. Fast Facts: Anton van Leeuwenhoek Known For:  Improvements to the microscope, discovery of bacteria, discovery of sperm, descriptions of all manner of microscopic cell structures (plant and animal), yeasts, molds, and moreAlso Known As: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, Antony Van LeeuwenhoekBorn:  Oct. 24, 1632 in Delft, HollandDied:  Aug. 30, 1723 in in Delft, HollandEducation:  Only basic educationPublished Works:  Arcana naturÅ“ detecta, 1695, a collection of his letters sent to the Royal Society of London, translated into Latin for the scientific communityAwards:  Member of the Royal Society of LondonSpouse(s): Barbara de Mey (m.1654–1666),  Cornelia Swalmius (m. 1671–1694)Children: MariaNotable Quote:  My work...was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a craving after knowledge. Early Life   Leeuwenhoek was born in Holland on October 24, 1632, and as a teenager he became an apprentice at a linen drapers shop. Although it doesnt seem a likely start to a life of science, from here Leeuwenhoek was set on a path to inventing his microscope. At the shop,  magnifying glasses were used to count the threads and inspect the quality of cloth. He was inspired and taught himself new methods for grinding and polishing tiny lenses of great curvature, which gave magnifications up to 275x (275 times the subjects original size), the finest known at that time. Contemporaneous Microscopes People had been using magnifying lenses since the 12th century and convex and concave lenses for vision correction since the 1200s and 1300s. In 1590, Dutch lens grinders Hans and Zacharias Janssen constructed a microscope with two lenses in a tube; though it may not have been the first microscope, it was a very early model. Also credited with the invention of the microscope about the same time was Hans Lippershey, the inventor of the telescope. Their work led to others research and development on telescopes and the modern compound microscope, such as Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer whose invention was the first given the name microscope. The compound microscopes of Leeuwenhoeks time had issues with blurry figures and distortions and could magnify only up to 30 or 40 times. Leeuwenhoek Microscope Leeuwenhoeks work on his tiny lenses led to the building of his microscopes, considered the first practical ones. They bore little resemblance to todays microscopes, however; they were more like very high-powered magnifying glasses and used only one lens instead of two. Other scientists didnt adopt Leeuwenhoeks versions of microscopes because of the difficulty in learning to use them.  They were small (about 2 inches long) and were used by holding ones eye close to the tiny lens and looking at a sample suspended on a pin. Leeuwenhoek Discoveries With these microscopes, though, he made the microbiological discoveries for which he is famous. Leeuwenhoek was the first to see and describe bacteria (1674), yeast plants, the teeming life in a drop of water (such as algae), and the circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries. The word bacteria didnt exist yet, so he called these microscopic living organisms animalcules. During his long life, he used his lenses to make pioneer studies on an extraordinary variety of things- living and nonliving- and reported his findings in more than 100 letters to the Royal Society of England and the French Academy. Leeuwenhoeks first report to the Royal Society in 1673 described bee mouthparts, a louse, and a fungus. He studied the structure of plant cells and crystals, and the structure of human cells such as blood, muscle, skin, teeth, and hair. He even scraped the plaque from between his teeth to observe the bacteria there, which, Leeuwenhoek discovered, died after drinking coffee. He was the first to describe sperm and postulated that conception occurred when a sperm joined with an ovum, though his thought was that the ovum just served to feed the sperm. At the time, there were various theories of how babies formed, so Leeuwenhoeks studies of sperm and ovum of various species caused an uproar in the scientific community. It would be around 200 years before scientists would agree on the process. Leeuwenhoeks View on His Work Like his contemporary  Robert Hooke, Leeuwenhoek made some of the most important discoveries of early microscopy. In one letter from 1716, he wrote, My work, which Ive done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a craving after knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men. And therewithal, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed thereof. He did not editorialize on meanings of his observations and acknowledged he was not a scientist but merely an observer. Leeuwenhoek was not an artist either, but he worked with one on the drawings he submitted in his letters. Death Van Leeuwenhoek also contributed to science in one other way. In the final year of his life, he described the disease that took his life. Van Leeuwenhoek suffered from uncontrollable contractions of the diaphram, a condition now known as Van Leeuwenhoek disease. He died of the disease, also called diaphragmatic flutter, on August 30, 1723, in Delft. He is buried at the Oude Kerk (Old Church) in Delft. Legacy Some of Leeuwenhoeks discoveries could be verified at the time by other scientists, but some discoveries could not because his lenses were so superior to others microscopes and equipment. Some people had to come to him to see his work in person. Just 11 of Leeuwenhoeks 500 microscopes exist today. His instruments were made of gold and silver, and most were sold by his family after he died in 1723. Other scientists did not use his microscopes, as they were difficult to learn to use. Some improvements to the device occurred in the 1730s, but big improvements that led to todays compound microscopes didnt happen until the middle of the 19th century. Sources â€Å"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.†Ã‚  Famous Biologists Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Comments, famousbiologists.org.Cobb, M. An Amazing 10 Years: The Discovery of Egg and Sperm in the 17th Century. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 47 (Suppl. 4; 2012), 2–6, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.Lane, Nick. The Unseen World: Reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) ‘Concerning Little Animals.’  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 370 (1666) (April 19, 2015): 20140344.Samardhi, Himabindu Radford, Dorothy M. Fong, Kwun. (2010). Leeuwenhoeks disease: Diaphragmatic flutter in a cardiac patient. Cardiology in the Young. Cardiology in the Young. 20. 334 - 336.Van Leeuwenhoek, Anton. Letter of June 12, 1716, to the Royal Society, quoted by the University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley.Vision Engineering. Later Developments.

Magic Colored Milk Science Project

Magic Colored Milk Science Project If you add food coloring to milk, not a whole lot happens, but it only takes one simple ingredient to turn the milk into a swirling color wheel. Here is what you do. Magic Milk Materials 2% or whole milkfood coloringdishwashing liquidcotton swabplate Magic Milk Instructions Pour enough milk onto a plate to cover the bottom.Drop food coloring into the milk. Dip a cotton swab in dishwashing detergent liquid.Touch the coated swab to the milk in the center of the plate.Dont stir the milk; it isnt necessary. The colors will swirl on their own as soon as the detergent contacts the liquid. How the Color Wheel Works Milk consists of a lot of different types of molecules, including fat, protein, sugars, vitamins, and minerals. If you had just touched a clean cotton swab to the milk (try it!), not much would have happened. The cotton is absorbent, so you would have created a current in the milk, but you wouldnt have seen anything especially dramatic happen. When you introduce detergent to the milk, several things happen at once. The detergent lowers the surface tension of the liquid so that the food coloring is free to flow throughout the milk. The detergent reacts with the protein in the milk, altering the shape of those molecules and setting them in motion. The reaction between the detergent and the fat forms micelles, which is how detergent helps to lift grease off of dirty dishes. As the micelles form, the pigments in the food coloring get pushed around. Eventually, equilibrium is reached, but the swirling of the colors continues for quite a while before stopping.

Flu Vaccination- Benefits and Contra-indications Research Paper

Flu Vaccination- Benefits and Contra-indications - Research Paper Example Active immunity allows the immune system to recognize infected bacteria or viruses as soon as the body comes in contact with them and triggers the production of anti-bodies to tackle them. Vaccination against diseases resists the spread of harmful illnesses in a society, contributing towards a healthy environment. Influenza, more commonly known as Flu, is a respiratory illness that is contagious and is characterized by symptoms like fever, body ache, coughing, sneezing and cold. It can become an epidemic because of its viral nature and once initiated, it is imperative to contain the spread of this disease through proper medication and vaccination. Flu vaccination is generally an annual vaccination program that encourages individuals to ensure protection from the attack of influenza through the year. Since influenza is of several types, it ensures protection against the most major kinds of this disease. It generally offers protection from two strains of type influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and one strain of type influenza B. This vaccine can be administered through vaccine injections called flu shots, or through inhalation. Flu vaccination is not mandatory but encouraged in many countries by their respective health ministries. It is more commonly given to young children, pregnant women, elderly, or individuals with health conditions that make them susceptive to such diseases.

Should the English language be the international language Essay

Should the English language be the international language - Essay Example English has now become the language of international communication† (Kirkpatrick 1). Today English is the official language of many international organizations like the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee. For a language to be given the status of an international language, it needs to meet certain criteria. For example, neutrality, it is important for the language to be neutral. It should be able to express many concepts as a natural language; English is considered one of the most expressive languages as it has more words than any other language. It should have flexibility, where speakers have the flexibility even to coin a new word. English as a language meets these criteria to a certain extent. English also has continuity. It is one of the only languages that come closest to meeting al the criteria, therefore closest to be an international language. Many people believe that learning to read, write, and speak English would give them a better future, with many more opportunities open to them. At a global level, knowing to communicate in English gives people more access to higher levels of the labor market, and enables people to interact at a global level. Knowing English also gives people greater access to growing technologies and therefore, provides wider access to knowledge. It is considered a necessity to know English to survive in a global community where competition is high and so is the survival rate. It is easier for a person who knows to communicate in English to survive in today’s world than for a person who does not know English. It does not matter what the accent of that person is, or whether that person is a native speaker or not. Today, it is important to know English if you wish to benefit from technological and scientific research and benefit from business contacts. English is the primary ‘lingua franca’ language today, which means it is one of the

The Importance of Slavery in the Development of Early America Research Paper

The Importance of Slavery in the Development of Early America - Research Paper Example They started to transport slaves from Africa to America during the sixteenth century. In the subsequent years, slavery became an economic, political and social factor in the development of early America, which resulted in the American Civil War or the American Revolution. This paper analyses the importance of slavery in the political and social development of early America and its contribution to the civil war. South America and North America were entirely different as far as the prominence of slavery was concerned. Negro slavery was absent in the North, whereas it occurred in many forms in the Southern parts of America in the last few centuries. â€Å"There has been one school of thought which regards presence of Negro slavery in the south and its absence in the north as the essence of sectional controversy† (Potter 30). From the onset, slavery had been the most serious cause of sectional conflict (Potter 52). In other words, the views and attitudes of the people in the south ern and northern parts of America were different. People in the North were more liberal in their nature, attitudes and beliefs, whereas people in the South were more conservative in their thoughts. It should be noted that European countries such as Britain were in control of Southren America in the eighteenth century. Britain had colonies in most parts of the world during this period. Africa was in control of Britain during this period, which made the slave transportation from Africa to America an easier task. Howe pointed out that â€Å"almost 14 million Negros were held in hereditary slavery during this period in America† (Howe 52). Slavery in the eighteenth century has created many social changes in America. Exports of slaves from Africa to America happened frequently during this period. Even though an independent American state was established in the eighteenth century, the process of exportation of slaves from Africa to America has not stopped. Americans were not in a mo od to give the luxury they enjoyed due to slavery. To sustain slavery as much as possible, they prevented black people from getting education, income and opportunities for employment. Even though human right issues were discussed very seriously in America during this period, nobody took slavery as a serious human right violation issue until the 1780s. In fact, the black community was not much interested in avoiding slavery in the eighteenth century. They were particular about improving their economic conditions rather than avoiding slavery or acquiring equal status with whites. Poverty was the biggest problem faced by the negros during this period. â€Å"For Negros, economic circumstances were more important than legal status (Slavery) in shaping their conditions of life† (Potter 31). It should not be forgotten that the negros were deprived of opportunities for education and, as a result of that, they were unaware of the things like human rights. For them, acquiring enough fo od at any cost was the major objective of their life. Even though dominant white people did everything possible to sustain slavery in America, they failed to prevent black people from becoming aware of freedom and liberty. For example, black people were used extensively for maritime employment by the white people in the eighteenth century. It was impossible for white people to execute maritime works without slaves. Maritime works were often done without much supervision from the

Comparison Of Environment Between India And Bhutan Environmental Sciences Essay

Comparison Of Environment Between India And Bhutan Environmental Sciences Essay The world is challenged by many environmental issues. Keeping in mind its pros and cons many countries around the world are adopting different methods to combat those issues. With rapidly changing world, it has its own desires to accomplish .Once a peaceful place, now with economic development it has changed a lot. Even rural areas have moved from a stone age to a modern one. The pollution from these modern facilities has highly degraded the pristine environment and thus contributing significantly in global warming. In order to become rich over night, the people from rural areas do carry out poaching activities such as killing of wild boar, tigers, rein, deer ,bears and other endangered species, thus again degrading the environment due to unbalanced natural lifestyle which directly contributes to areas become barren, water sources getting dried and these factors directly contributes to high investment plan in saving both planet earth and human life. With so many economic activities and peoples undying desire to make wealth has resulted in some serious environment concerns. Never the less, as a saying goes necessity is the mother of invention.The economic development activities should take place with sound ecological knowledge. Now with lots of awareness programs on environment conservation being conducted by Royal Government of Bhutan, the people from different districts has geared towards saving the planet earth in their own small ways by doing lots of mitigation works to restore the greenery and go green once again. SOME OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN BHUTAN Some of the major environmental issues in Bhutan are Deforestation as People in Bhutan are mostly farmers and illiterate who earn their living through agricultural products. Illegal logging of timber has been popular and it is also the part of black marketing for those products. In order to make more room for agricultural works, forests are being felled. Trees are being out for timbers which are sold at double the price. In the wake of these activities, wild life forced to survive in increasingly fragmented spaces around Bhutan. This has lead to loss of biodiversity and degradation of ecological services. Vast areas of forest in Bhutan is destructed for agricultural practices and exploited for products like wood, timber without planting new growth. This is a serious issue which has to be looked upon in Bhutan (CBD, 2002). Due to deforestation, mainly cutting beyond limits for fuel extraction has resulted major land degradation and soil erosions in Bhutan. It is a manmade as well as natural phenomenon .The total area under forest is 72.5% of the country and the cultivated area is only 7.8 %( CSO).There has been also case of minor forest fire caused by the people. With the modern agricultural practice, people in rural areas has cautiously adopted the method of using excess chemical fertilizers and use of heavy equipments such as power tiller which eventually resulted in decline capability to produce agricultural products. Air pollution is defined as undesirable change in physical or biological characteristics of air, water and land brought about by mans activities that may harmfully affect living organisms and other resources. Air pollution resulted in declined crop output and developed concerns about public health. The number of industries are increasing and as a result the GDP has gone up from 0.01% in 1982 to3.2% in1992(MoP 1996).The sources of air pollution are burning of fossils fuels, automobiles, industries like the fertilizer plants, thermal plants, textile industries and steel plants as shown in figure 1. 2. Water pollution is a major problem associated with the developing countries.The major pollutants are the organic matter of the sewer, metallic substances and other inorganic chemicals from the industries, hot water, oil, inorganic fertilizers and pesticides as shown in figure 1.1. Fig1.1Fig1.2 Left: Water pollution.Right: Air pollution. Waste disposal is an emerging problem in Bhutan especially in urban areas such as in Thimphu, Phuentsholing, Gelephu and Bumthang. In the absence of improperly disposed of vacant land. All of these are serious health hazard apart from being eyesores. They boost numbers of insects vector like flies. Mosquitoes, scavengers such as stray dogs, pigs and rats which spread dangerous diseases. The wastes can be classified into: A=Biodegradable-The biodegradable wastes are those that can be decomposed. For example, kitchen wastes, animal dung, etc. B=Non-biodegradable-The non-biodegradable wastes are those that cannot be decomposed and remain as such in the environment. For example, plastics, nuclear wastes, glass, etc. Over grazing is one of the main issues in rural areas as raising cattle and other domestic animals have contributed to livelihood of many people. Usually people in rural areas have access to all sorts of facilities but keep animals at the backyard of our homes is very natural. These habits of keeping animals have resulted in plant material faster than it naturally grows. This had lead permanent loss of plant cover. Poaching has been practiced a long time back during the times of my grandparents and still this modern day such act lives alive. It is a fast way to earn lump sum amount and since most of people in rural areas are uneducated, they do not know the consequences of such practices. So many wild animals have been killed mainly to export their skin and bones which fetch high prize in the market. Stories of killing endangered species such as tigers, leopards had been recorded. Example: people in my village have killed two bears, a tiger and a wild boar for the reason associated with destruction of their crops and domestic animals. SOLUTIONS TO COMBAT THOSE ISSUES The mother earth is so kind. We are gifted with every necessity. For economic growth, different countries set up factories and technology which caused great deal of pollution. The rapidly changing world has many environmental issues to be combated. To do so, some solutions are laid below. People should be showed with the knowledge of converting a bare agricultural space by planting trees for their own good. For every one tree they cut, two trees should be planted. Farmers should be taught the right ways to plant trees. Planting trees around homes will be good for self. Planting trees are healthy activities as it will conserve soil, water and air pollution. It will create conditions more conducive to flora and fauna. Then our country look so beautiful and peaceful with all different kinds of trees ,flowers, wild animals,etc.and it will lead to increase in income or revenue for the economy for the economy as many tourists will visit our country. So it should be encouraged in the urban as well as in rural. Control of water pollution is mainly by sewage treatment, effluent treatment and public awareness by not letting them to dump sewage or garbage into the river and air pollution can be controlled by reducing number of factories, industries and vechiles.Air pollution can be controlled by methods depending on the source and the pollutant. Some of the methods used are good quality fuel, vehicles running on alternate sources of energy and using solar cookers or bio gas, planting of trees that remove the pollutinggases and clean the atmosphere and creating public awareness about the effects of air pollution. Soil or land conservation is of the important environmental problems in Bhutan that should be looked upon. People should be discouraged from using chemical fertilizers. Instead they can be inspired to use natural fertilizers. Use of heavy equipments can be also discouraged, so that soil retains its fertility as shown in figure 1.3and 1.4 Fig.1.3Fig.1.4 Left: Soil conservation.Right:Soil erosion. Poaching can be stopped by not demanding poached goods. Local leaders can be involved with programs that support and conserve animals. Boundaries should be identified to build parks for those animals so, that species are free from man. Local leaders take the initiatives or measures to protect animals that fall under endangered species. Migration from rural to urban areas can be controlled and solved by developing and bringing changes in rural areas. Government should provide better facilities such as health, education, safe drinking water and on top of that by providing job opportunities thus removing poverty, inequality and unemployment. Then people in rural areas will not migrate to urban areas. Waste management can be controlled by disposing in right disposal areas and places. It can be controlled by collecting or storing waste and transporting them for recycle. It can be controlled by showing different programs like malaria, skin diseases, water borne diseases etc.So that people will aware of those diseases and they will not throw their wastes where ever they like. The main strategy of Nature Conservation Division is to conserve ecosystem but the people and its socio economic development is equally important. People of Bhutan have been interacting with nature for many years and is viewed important to respect their right and aspirations. However for any major development interventation, the effect on biodiversity and protected areas should be carefully assessed. Therefore all development projects within the protected areas buffers on and biological corridor should be given higher priority for environment impact assessment, as is introduced by National Environmental Conservation. Adaption management is more focus on flexibility of plans to adjust to changing circumstances and insights. It is usually based on circular management process and allows the information about the past and to improve the management in the future .This kind of approach is favorable due to complex ecosystem and their interaction with the people for its uncertainty .The strategic plans of Nature Conservation Division is not fixed rather dynamic to meet the new opportunities and immediate needs, for flexible budgeting and rapid disburse not procedure. Almost all the protected areas in Bhutan are inhibited by people. The NCDs (Nature Conservation Divisions) strategy to pressure the environment is through involvement of different sectors of government and particularly the local people .Local knowledge and tradition is very important tool to tackle the forces that destroy the environment. Since the beginning of development planning in the 1960s, Bhutan has placed environmental conservation as the main concern while developing policies for socio-economic development (RGoB, 2002; Wangchuk, 2006). The Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan 1995 has given more importance in the active involvement of rural communities in forestry activities. It brought about major changes in forest management by paving the way for community and private forestry (CF, PF) for the benefit of rural communities. The community forest was established in Bhutan initially to conserve the environment as government realized the importance of local participation in the conservation. (Chhetri, Schmidt Gilmour, 2009). Before the introduction of community forest in Bhutan, people were not concerned and responsible about the forest and the natural resources it provided. As the development taking place rapidly in the country, there was growing pressure on the natural environment because of increase in demand of raw materials for construction especially wood beside stone, sand and other natural resources. There was support and cooperation from local people and became latter as effective poverty reduction methods. The people at the local level benefited from the ecosystem goods as they could not only consume for themselves but also could sell and earn income as a result they realize the importance of preservation of it. Therefore, community forest became popular and spread to all parts of the country. When the forest was a national property, people were not concerned and everybody wanted to extract as much benefit as they could without eco-friendly methods but when the forest was converted into community forest thereby entrusting responsibility and authority to people themselves, people began to know its benefits and started conserving it and now its successfully working in Bhutan. Example: Tshaphel community forest in Haa had ever harvested even a single timber from their community forest, in October 2011, they sold 3068.86cft of timber to the sawmill owners in Haa and earned a total sum of Nu.361, 731.43. The 33 households of the village earned a net profit of Nu.116, 796.92(Namgyal, Jan 11 2012). National Environmental Protection of Bhutan was launched in 2007 as environment has always been at the center of development concept in Bhutan. As we all know that environmental protection is one of the key pillars of Gross National Happiness. Poaching and hunting was prohibited and now people have minimized poaching and hunting. The forest official should submit their annual report to the department of forest. Illegal cutting of trees is prohibited and therefore charged higher than government penalties. Comparison of environment between India and Bhutan. The total population of Bhutan was 725940.00 in 2010 and 2011(The world bank) where as in India it was estimated 1.21 billion in April 1st, 2011.Due to more population in India the number of vehicles are increasing which lead to more pollution such as air, noise and water pollution and there are more waste compared to Bhutan. In India people are cutting down too many trees in order to establish an industries and factories which lead to deforestation and pollution. As a result they have no fresh water to drink and fresh air to breath. In Bhutan people are more into conservation and protection of the forest. Almost 69.1% of Bhutan is covered with forest (U.N.FAO) where as in India forest coverage is very less. CONCLUSION Today, with increased in modern facilities has highly degraded the pristine environment. Sea levels have risen, temperature is increasing and we do not get fresh water to drink. Air around are not safe to breath and there are so many issues that has made our mother earth irresistible. Global warming is the biggest concern. We are destroying homes for the animals. It is seen and heard that our mother is very dirty. We cannot be so harsh on our mother earth. We are being so unkind and doing nothing for our future generation. Nothing is impossible Yes we can do it. We can protect and preserve our environment. It is time that we join our hands and combats all the environmental issues such as deforestation, forest fire, global warming, waste management, pollution, over grazing, poaching, etc.

Investigation in to the factors that affects the rate of fermentation o

Investigation in to the factors that affects the rate of fermentation of Glucose Aim: To investigate the factors that affects the rate of fermentation of Glucose. Background knowledge. ENZYMES Fermentation is a form of an anaerobic respiration where by glucose is partially broken down so only a small amount of energy is released. The yeast cells use the enzymes, ZYMASE to break down sugars unable to obtain. GLUCOSE CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL(+ENERGY) C6 H12 O6 6CO2 + C2H5OH (210KJ) Enzymes have several properties. 1) Specific actions-Zyamse in yeast works on glucose. 2) A small amount is required as the enzyme is used again and again as it is uncharged at the end therefore one of my variables could be varying the quantity of yeast. 3) Each enzyme has its own specific temperature at which it works best. This is the factor at which I am going to investigate zymase in yeast. There are some enzymes which work best in cold eg. Fridge. And others that can stand considerably high temperatures. All enzymes are proteins as they are made by living cells. Therefore high temperatures cause protein to become DENATURED, destroyed, exaclty the same way as the cooked white of an egg cannot be changed back to its runny state. When proetin of an ezyme is denatured it no longer functions as a catalyst. COLLISION THEORY 'Rate of reaction simply depends on how hard and often the reacting particles collide with each other.' The basic idea is that particles have to collide with each other in order to react. MORE COLLISIONS INCREASE THE RATE OF REACTION. 1) Temperature increases the number of collisions. 2) Concentration (or pressure) in creases the number of collisions. 3) Sizes of solid particles (or surface area) incr... ...ature of 40-50Â °, therefore the molecules reacted faster and harder, collision theory, which starts to give off a gas, CO2. The glucose changes into a gas, Kinetic theory. My graph of my results shows that the Carbon Dioxide produced did not react as fast as the enzyme which is working as a catalyst has either stopped or died. My prediction has been a success. GLUCOSE CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL(+ENERGY) C6 H12 O6 6CO2 + C2H5OH (210KJ) Evaluation: I really enjoyed doing this experiment, which is unusual! I did my research well. Using different types of materials, Internet, Library, Revision books. I think it would have been better if I had of done each temperature three times so that I could have found an average. It would have been abit more fairer and bit more accurate. I also missed the first week so it was a little bit confusing at first but it turned out okay.

Enron Case Study Summary

Enron Case Study The case of Enron is a fascinating one. United States is a country where auditing and accounting principles are so strong. How can something take place on such high level in the United States? The Enron case demonstrates the need to reform the accounting and corporate governance practices in the United States. Moreover, the Enron case made government officials to pay close attention to deregulated energy market. Some of the aspects that struck me are discussed below. One of the aspects that struck me was the vision of the top management.Enron was in the business of energy, but Kenneth Lay built management team of MBAs, not individuals specialized in gas and energy field. My view is that top management has to have a clear vision. It seemed that Kenneth Lay vision of the company was distorted. Enron transformed from an energy company into an investment company. Hence, the management team was comprised of traders and investment bankers who had very little knowledge of t he energy business. As the business model of Enron changed so did the corporate culture. The culture was â€Å"Get it done. Get it done now. Reap the rewards. The new business was the buying and selling of commodities. The employees were rewarded for business deals regardless of long-term consequences. I feel this kind of reward system is not beneficial to companies; it is very short-term view of business. Moreover, analysts were derided when they asked questions about the earnings-report. These actions points that the corporate culture was of Enron was disruptive. This raises the questions on the role of boards of directors. It seems like the boards of directors of Enron had very little knowledge about the activities of Fastow and Lay.It’s interesting that the boards of directors had so little knowledge of thing happening in the company. The takeaway from this is that boards of directors should pay close attention to the management behavior and money generating strategies. The boards of directors need to take active participation in company not only when things are bad, but also when things are good. Another aspect was the business practices of the Arthur Andersen firm. It’s shocking to see one of the most prestige firms to engage in such a big fraud. The firm played a role of not only as an auditor, but also as a consultant for Enron.The conflict of interest was sure to take place. The firm saw the opportunity to make money by hiding Enron’s financial information. Basically, the firm helped Enron to cook books. I believe that some executives of Andersen firm were driven by greed and lack of ethical sense that made them act in a fraudulent activities. Moreover, it seems that Andersen had weak internal control in terms of auditing. The practices of this firm raised questions about the accounting and auditing system of the United States. The congress was quick to repond by adopting set of reforms.For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley bill was pa ssed to reform the accounting and auditing industries. The important part of the bill was the separation of roles: the separation of consulting and audit business. Yet, another aspect was the impact on the economy, particularly the energy industry. This was interesting because it shows how Enron impacted the economy and business environment. The financing for energy companies dried up because of Enron scandal. As a result of limited financing options, many companies went bankrupt. The confidence of investors was shaken. Many investors hesitated to invest in energy corporations.I believe that the Enron incident encouraged many analysts and investors to question the financial reporting and long term money making strategies of companies. Furthermore, the professional corruption also struck me. The management used financial cleverness as a financial strategy. The recording of assets and profits that were inflated or non-existent showed professional corruption. Additionally, the involvem ent in dishonest accounting practices was just too much. Moreover, the interviews for recruitment took place in strip clubs. The whole corporate culture was somewhat corrupted.The aspect that jumped out from the case was the relentless pursuit of profits. Yes, the main goal of any business is to make profit, but social values should be kept in mind. I believe that the compensation system at Enron was also to blame. People involved in the scandal were making huge sum of money. The intriguing aspect in this case was how Fastow was able to create special purpose entities (SPE). Fastow was creating these SPEs to segregate financial activities from Enron’s balance sheet. The SPEs provided Enron a way to move debt from the balance sheet so the credit rating could remain high.The commodities swapping mechanism required high credit rating. The SPEs allowed Enron to disguise debt and loss as revenue. Enron deceived investor and creditors. Furthermore, Enron invested in other companies . Once the investments began to show losses, they were transferred to SPEs. This method allowed the sale of investment to SPEs. Hence, the sale of investment was shown as gain to Enron. Another interesting fact was that analysts didn’t raise red any flags. I am sure that many analysts recommended the buying of Enron stocks. This scandal made investors and analysts more cautious.Analysts and investors began to ask questions: 1) how does company make money? 2) Can company sustain strategy over the long term? Basically, the laws got strict and analysts were more observant. These are some of the aspects that were intriguing to me or struck me. The case of Enron will continue to be a lesson in ethics and corporate responsibility. The government agencies should not relax and should make sure that industries are regulated when it comes to reporting financial information. The incident of Arthur Andersen serves as an example for other accounting firms.

Organizational behaviour and organisational analysis of behaviour in Pizza Hut The WritePass Journal

Organizational behaviour and organisational analysis of behaviour in Pizza Hut 1. Introduction Organizational behaviour and organisational analysis of behaviour in Pizza Hut 1. Introduction2. Mission Statement3. Marketing Strategy4. References Related 1. Introduction Organisational behaviour and organisational analysis are both subjects that deal with the behaviour of people in organizations, and together they contain a wealth of knowledge about this matter. However, each one has a somewhat different focus. The traditional concern of organisational behaviour is at macro level of organization and so it normally has a heavy, if not exclusive focus on the characteristics and processes of individuals and groups. Conversely, organizational analysis is much more heavily focused on the organization as a whole and deals with characteristics such as structure, effectiveness, goals and culture and also with process such as control, communication and change. (Rollinson, Broadfield Edwards, 1998, p.18).   To identify and critically analyse an organisational behaviour and/or human resource issue facing an organisation I have chosen the Company Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut (corporately known as Pizza Hut, Inc.) is an American restaurant chain and international franchise. Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 by brothers Dan and Frank Carney in their home town of Wichita, Kansas and headquarters in Plano, Texas, US.   A small 25 seat restaurant only had room for 9 letters on the sign†¦ the building looked like a hut. So ‘Pizza Hut’ was born! 2. Mission Statement A mission statement identifies operational objectives, assists in goal-directed behaviour of staff, describes performance standards, and speaks to organisational survival (Smith, Heady, Carson Carson, 2001).   And Williams (2002) suggested that organisations with a more comprehensive mission statement do better financially than those with an ambiguous mission or no mission at all. Similarly Pizza Hut takes pride in making perfect pizza and providing courteous and helpful service on time and all the time. They are the employers of choice offering team members opportunities for growth, advancement, and rewarding careers in a fun, safe working environment. 3. Marketing Strategy Most businesses find it easier to formulate strategies that outline how they intend to achieve their goals than how to implement them (Noble and Mokwa, 1999; Walker and Ruekert, 1987). The literature suggests that an important cause of such strategy implementation difficulties is the way businesses organize their marketing activities (McKee, Varadarajan, and Pride, 1989 and Walker and Ruekert, 1987).   In particular, marketing theory posits that to enable strategy implementation and achieve superior performance, managers should organize marketing activities in different ways depending on their business strategy (Slater and Olson 2000; Walker and Ruekert 1987).   However Pizza Hut is successfully enabled its marketing strategy. Pizza Hut marketing strategy is very simple: â€Å"We want to satisfy our customer by offering them the best.† In 1995, Pizza Hut began two customer satisfaction programs: a 1-800 number customer hotline, and a customer call-back program. These were implemented to make sure their customers were happy, and always wanted to return. 4. References Books, Web and Journals: 1. McKee, Daryl O., P. Rajan Varadarajan, and William M. Pride (1989), Strategic Adaptability and Firm Performance: A Market-Contingent Perspective, Journal of Marketing, 53 (July), 21-35. 2. Derek Rollinson, Aysen Broadfield and David J. Edwards. (1998). Organisational behaviour and analysis: an integrated approach. New York: Harlow: Addison-Wesley. p18. 3. Noble, Charles H. and Michael P. Mokwa (1999), Implementing Marketing Strategies: Developing and Testing a Managerial Theory, Journal of Marketing, 63 (October), 57-73. 4. Ruekert, Robert W. and Orville C. Walker (1987), Interactions Between Marketing and RD Departments in Implementing Different Business Strategies, Strategic Management Journal, 8 (May-June), 233-48. 5. Slater, Stanley F. (1995), Issues in Conducting Marketing Strategy Research, Journal of Strategic Marketing, 3(December), 257-70. 6. Smith, M., Heady, R. B., Carson, P. P., Carson, K. D. (2001). Do missions accomplish their missions? An exploratory analysis of mission statement content and organizational longevity. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, available on-line at huizenga.nova.edu/jame/. 7. Williams, C. (2002). Effective Management. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing. fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Pizza-Hut-Inc-Company-History.html

5 Tips to Write an Excellent UCF Application Essay

5 Tips to Write an Excellent UCF Application Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The University of Central Florida, commonly known as UCF, is one of the largest colleges in the United States. Over 50,000 students are enrolled at UCF, but that doesn’t mean it’s super easy to get in- UCF has an acceptance rate of 49.9 percent, meaning they accept just under half of students who apply. To set yourself apart from the crowd, you’ll want to write a stellar UCF application essay. Don’t think that the fact that these essays are optional means they’re not important; they’re an additional opportunity to show why you’ll be a great addition to the student body! In this guide, we’ll cover all the details of the UCF essay prompts, including how to answer them, what UCF is looking for, and a step-by-step guide to make your essay as strong as it can be. All roads lead to choosing to write the UCF application essay. What Should You Know About the UCF Application Essay? Unlike many schools, only freshman students can use the Common Application to apply to UCF. Otherwise, students must use UCF’s own application, which is also available to freshman students. However, there are some differences between the two. UCF's website includes a recommendation, but not a requirement, for a supplemental essay based on two of four prompts, outlined below.However, the instructions for the essay include the phrase, "The personal statements are a very important part of your application," so while they may not actually be required, you should write them as if they are. The Common Application includes two questions that do not appear on the UCF application, and reports from students suggest that UCF sends a follow-up email with instructions for how to complete the supplemental essays. The essays on the Common Application are flagged as optional, but, as with the UCF application, you should answer them as if they're required to be on the safe side. If staring wistfully out the window helps your writing process, do it! What Are the UCF Application Essay Prompts? Though the UCF essays aren’t technically required according to the college's website, it’s strongly suggested that you complete them. They’re an opportunity to flesh out your application with a more complete picture of yourself, which is valuable to both UCF and you. UCF has four essay prompts to choose from and instructs students to respond to two. According to previous applicants, UCF accepts those responses in one combined essay or in two separate statements. The responses, whether in one single essay or in two essays, should total no more than 500 words or 7,000 characters combined. Be sure that your essay or essays fall below both the word and character count. UCF has four essay prompts for you to choose from, though you only need to answer two of the prompts. The questions can either be answered in one essay or two, depending on which you prefer. If there has been some obstacle or bump in the road in your academic or personal life, please explain the circumstances. With this prompt, UCF is giving you an opportunity to explain any parts of your application that may not be as impressive as you’d like them to be. Many students aren’t able to commit to extracurriculars as deeply as they’d like because of financial problems or because they need to work or otherwise help out their family. Other times, students may not be able to keep their grades up as well as they’d like due to family illness or other obstacles that can make staying on top of homework difficult. Circumstances like these are out of your control but can cause hiccups in your education, which might not look good to colleges. This prompt gives you space to explain that, giving UCF a better picture of who you are as a student. So if you’ve encountered any hardship that’s had an impact on your education, it’s smart to take advantage of this essay question and explain it. If your grades dipped in junior year because you had to pick up an after-school job to help your parents out, let UCF know! Not only does that explain changes to your grades, but it also demonstrates responsibility. If you can explain your GPA based on outside circumstances, take advantage of the opportunity and do so. Be honest about challenges you’ve faced, and accept responsibility for things that you could have done better. Your answer to this question should demonstrate anything you’ve learned from the experience and how you’ve grown rather than just shifting blame to outside circumstances. Don’t stop at writing about what happened- continue on to answer what you did about it. However, be sure that what you write about is an actual hardship. Being bored with your classes or being more invested in something else, such as an extracurricular activity, doesn’t qualify- this question is asking for obstacles outside of your control. How has your family history, culture or environment influenced who you are? This is a fairly standard background essay, which asks you to think about your upbringing and how that’s shaped the person you’ve become. Because UCF has a fairly short word limit, be sure to pick one particular element and hone in on it rather than spending time painting a complete portrait of your family history. Information like this helps a college like UCF better understand what you’ll be bringing to the student body. Our upbringings often give us unique perspectives and abilities, which contribute to a thriving campus culture. In a school of over 50,000 students, it might feel like there’s nothing particularly unique about you, but there is- this essay prompt helps you discuss it. Don’t get too hung up on picking something dramatic to set your family or culture apart from everybody else’s. If you grew up in a family that really loves fishing and it’s made you a more patient, hands-on person, write about that! On the other hand, if you grew up as part of a traveling circus and that’s made you long for a place to put down roots, write about that! The most important thing with this question is to be honest, thoughtful, and specific. Pick something that really matters to you, and think deeply on what it means. Provided you are honest, thoughtful, and specific, there aren’t a lot of topics you should avoid on this one, though always be aware that, if you choose to write about something potentially inflammatory, the admissions office may not feel the same way about things that you do. Your audience is made up of strangers, so choose something you’re comfortable sharing with people who don’t know you and deciding whether or not you’ll get into college based in part on what you write. Why did you choose to apply to UCF? â€Å"Why This School?† essays are common in college applications because they require you to think beyond a school’s reputation and get specific about why you want to go there. Colleges want to know that your interest goes beyond ticking another box on your college list- you should have a reason to attend beyond that you think you can get in! To answer this question, try to get specific. What is it about UCF that appeals to you? You can look through their mission statement, course catalog, and clubs to find things that appeal to you, or refer to experiences at a campus visit or college fair. Connect your interest in UCF to something concrete. For example, UCF has part of its mission statement dedicated to creativity, which should â€Å"enrich the human experience.† Why does that matter to you? When you attend UCF, how do you hope to use creativity to enrich the human experience, too? If you can, make connections to real-life classes or clubs that you want to belong to, such as the Cypress Dome Society or Elements of Hip Hop. What interests do you have? What are your goals? How will these clubs help connect you to your student body? The most important things to avoid in this essay response are the things everybody else is already saying- that UCF has a good reputation and that it has a nice campus. Assume that both of those things go without saying. What else does UCF have to offer? What qualities or unique characteristics do you possess that will allow you to contribute to the UCF community? This prompt is the flip side of the â€Å"Why This College?† prompt- instead of asking why you want to attend UCF, UCF is asking why they should want you. Think beyond everything UCF already knows about you, like your grades and test scores. Assume that every student applying has exactly the same grades and scores as you do, and then decide what it is about you that’s different. What else do you have to offer? Choose something you haven’t discussed already, and be sure that you embrace that UCF is asking for what makes you unique. UCF wants to know about you as an individual, which could be anything from how you have the patience to make the perfect tamale to how your time leading a guild in World of Warcraft taught you about leading by example and connecting with people. UCF has lots of people with good GPAs and test scores- does it have enough tamale makers and guild leaders? Aim to fill the unique gaps only you can fill! Attending college isn’t just about attending classes, getting good grades, and moving on with a degree to show it. You’ll be part of a thriving campus culture, and UCF wants to know that you’ll be participating and enriching it. Beyond not focusing on things UCF already knows, always be sure that you’re presenting your best self. The people reading your essays are strangers, and may not get your sense of humor if you try to be tongue-in-cheek in this section. Be honest and thoughtful in a way that others will understand, especially because this essay will likely be their first impression of you. A good notebook isn't required for writing your UCF essays, but it sure does feel nice. What Are the UCF Common Application Essay Prompts? If you're applying to UCF using the Common Application, the requirements are a little different. The Common Application includes two additional questions that do not appear on the UCF application, which are flagged as optional. Still, there's no reasonnot to answer them- the wordcounts are short, they provide extra context for your application, and they're valuable questions for both you and UCF to reflect on. According to students who've applied to UCF, after finishing the Common Application, UCF will follow up with you with additional requirements, including responding to the additional essay prompts covered above. Though these essays are optional, it's still a good idea to answer them. Be sure that you don't answer the same prompt twice, as one of the Common Application prompts is almost the same as the one in the UCF application.You only have 250 words each, so be brief and clear rather than spending a lot of time painting a vivid picture. Why are you interested in UCF? As in the UCF application essay prompts, this question is asking why you want to attend UCF. Think beyond widely applicable answers like citing their reputation, campus, or weather- assume the admissions office already knows all that. Why UCF over any other good, beautiful, warm-weather school? What specifically draws you there? UCF wants to know that you're committed to attending not just as somebody who wants a good name on their diploma, but as somebody who's dedicated to UCF's mission and programs. Showing that UCF, not just their credibility or campus, matters to you is a great way to set yourself apart from other applicants. To do this, you need to get specific. Drill deep into what makes you want to attend UCF, and connect it to specifics. Campus visits are a great way to make these specific connections, but if you can't visit, you can also comb through the course catalog, club list, or mission statement. Show UCF that you don't just see yourself proudly holding a diploma with their seal- show them you see yourself learning, growing, and participating in campus culture along the way. Discuss your reasons for pursuing the academic program (major) selected above. Like the first question, this prompt wants to know more about you as an individual student. Think about what draws you to your major beyond prestige or salary. What should UCF know about you and your connection to your program beyond your GPA and extracurriculars? Questions like this show your dedication, which can be an important factor in admissions. Schools want to know that you're committed to your studies, and an essay that shows a deeper connection to your field is more likely to impress them. Take some time to craft a response that's insightful and honest- this essay will show UCF that you're truly passionate about what you study. You don't have a lot of space to answer this question- just 250 words- so be sure to focus on one specific thing rather than being comprehensive. Did trying and failing to grow strawberries lead you down the path to becoming a botanist? Did you decide to put your reputation for bossiness as a kid to work as a business major? Due to the short wordcount, you're going to want to be brief. Don't pick a topic that's too big, and stay away from using answers that other people might use. It's great if you want to be a doctor because you want to help people, but why a doctor as opposed to a social worker? Your essay should clearly demonstrate why the field you've chosen is the perfect one for you. Believe it or not, relaxation is part of a good essay. Key Tips for the UCF Essay No matter what school you’re applying to, there are some strategies you can always follow to be sure that you have a good, strong essay. Follow these steps as you’re writing your UCF essay and you’ll have a much easier time wrangling your thoughts and shaping them into something that’ll impress the admissions office! #1: Brainstorm It’d be nice if you could just sit down and write a perfect draft on your first try, but that’s not how most of us work. Instead, start with a little brainstorming. Set a five-minute timer and give yourself free rein to come up with as many possible answers to the prompts as possible, even if the answers are silly or weird or absolutely not in a million years going to work. Don’t worry about it! Get everything you can think of down on paper now so you’re not trying to herd your thoughts back into shape later on. #2: Write a Draft The benefit of getting all your ideas down on paper is that now you can pick and choose the ones that sound the best without getting midway through an essay before deciding the topic isn’t working for you. Cross out the choices that aren’t strong enough to support a whole essay, even one as short as UCF’s, to get those out of the way. Spend a little more time brainstorming some different points to hit on with the remaining topics and pick the one that feels strongest. Using your brief outline, flesh the topic out into a full essay. Don’t worry about getting it perfect the first time- that’s what editing is for! #3: Edit Editing is tough; it means re-reading your work and dealing with all the flaws that creep in. But editing is what separates the good essays from the bad. Take a day or so away from your essay before diving back in to read it with fresher eyes, and try not to get frustrated as you go. Read your work aloud to help you find sentences that are too long or lacking in punctuation. Cut out extra words- those â€Å"really†s and â€Å"very†s aren’t doing any work for you- and rephrase to get as much of the essay into passive voice as you can. Read it aloud again, give it another pass, and keep going until you feel like your work is in as good of shape as you can possibly get it. #4: Get Feedback Now that you’ve put in some time in editing, it’s time for the next scary step: showing your work to others. Choose a few people who you trust to give you honest, useful feedback- people who know what a good essay looks like, not just people who are going to tell you it’s great- and ask them to take a look at it. Leave them with a copy to make notes on so that you can refer to them later. When you read their feedback, don’t take it too hard. Everything they have to say is a suggestion, and it’s ultimately up to you whether you want to use it or not. Your essay should always, always, always be your work; don’t rephrase things exactly as a teacher or counselor suggests if it isn’t how you would say it. Besides, readers aren’t always right about the best way to fix errors. If the people reading your essay are confused about something, take that seriously! But don’t feel like their suggestion to fix it is inherently the best way, especially if it contradicts your meaning. It’s okay to disagree- it is your essay, after all. #5: Revise and Submit Take another break from your essay. Always try to edit with fresh eyes, if you can- trying to make changes when you’ve already spent a lot of time editing can either mean you miss mistakes or that you get so frustrated you give up. Spend some time away, working on an essay for a different school or doing something else entirely before you come back to it. Now that you’ve had a break, take all that feedback you received and use it to spin your essay into gold. Smooth out places where readers were confused, and clean up any lingering grammar errors. Read it for clarity and flow, and tidy everything up. When you’ve reached a point where you’re satisfied, take one last break. Give yourself a little time away from it, then read it one more time. Are you happy with it? Great! It’s time to submit! Send it off to UCF and anxiously wait for your acceptance letter to arrive. What’s Next? As you're applying to UCF, it's good to be aware of their admission requirements. This guide will walk you through the average GPA and test scores at UCF to help you maximize your chances of getting in! College essays should always be targeted to the school you're applying to, but there are some essay-writing strategies that work no matter what school you're applying to. If you're applying to college, it's a good idea to be aware of how to apply for financial aid.Make a plan and stick to it to ensure you get the maximum money available to you! Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Renting an apartment is a better option than buying a house Essay - 3

Renting an apartment is a better option than buying a house - Essay Example There is also the freedom of being able to do whatever one wants with the house, for instance, remodeling, redecoration or making any improvement as he/she wants. Moreover, no one gives the buyer any restrictions (Mortgagecalculator.org, 2011, para1). Buying a house comes with many advantages. To start with, the buyer has tax advantages over the rental apartments. This is so because the interests and taxes can be itemized for deductions of tax. The cost off renting a house can be substantial than the cost of buying one. Again, when the buyer has completed mortgage payment, they can achieve a better credit rating (Mortgagecalculator.org, 2011, para4). When buying or renting a house, one should consider two key principal aspects: the practical matter and the heart matters. Matters of the heart vary from one person to another. One will like a house in urban areas while another will like a house in the rural areas, this are heart matters and can influence the decision to rent or buy. However, the objective is answering the question as to why people should buy houses. According to Lotich (2009), when one buys a house, it acts as an automatic savings plan. This can be demonstrated by the example of when a twenty-five old person gets a thirty-year mortgage; hopefully they will have completed the payment at the age of 55. This means that if one had not saved much for the future, their least concern will be the house payment. The benefit that comes with this plan is that over the 30-years the value of the home is likely to appreciate. He further indicates that a home is an investment that one can live on. Even when home value drops, the house will still offer the advantage of being able to reside in it, different from when one invests in stock markets – such benefits will by no means be provided. The house belongs to the buyer and the most exciting thing is that, there is the ability to customize the house, like painting the walls and

Effective Information Dissemination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Effective Information Dissemination - Assignment Example A simple intranet access management infrastructure that assimilates applications and platforms can generate vital and significant benefits for organisations trying to improve or enhance the use and management of their communication channels and digital identities. As a classic example, the use of a standard set of security protocols and the elimination of redundant identity stores can simplify infrastructure, reduce management efforts, enable single sign on (SSO), and make security auditing easier. Introduction Effective communication and efficient information dissemination are the approaches through which business firms and organisations synchronise their pursuits and accomplish their short- and long-term objectives. Perceptibly, technologies for managing and distributing information have changed over time, but its purpose and meaning required for human organisation have remained considerably coherent and dependable. The initiative to seek for ways to authenticate electronic requests and submissions is merely an attempt to meet the same needs that seals, signature comparison, and notary publics met in the paper world. As it is, the need to secure information on networks is exactly the same need that led to sealing wax and armed guards in previous eras using paper media. However, security requirements are not the only reasons that motivate and drive organisations to manage their information. If the information does not facilitate some further use that provides value, then ther e is no need to secure it. Basically, organisational information carries with it content that leads to action which either means a gain or a loss of resources. Customarily, an organisation strengthens its capacity to organise and direct these resources by dividing among numerous individuals the work necessary to achieve its objective. For the organisation to be effective, activities and its progress must synchronised and highly coordinated. As it is, a vital justification for the distribution and allotment of information within organisations is the conformity and management of these objectives and divergent tasks. Consistency of information is a crucial necessity for successful coordination. It is not a positive development if the existence and location of vital information stays unknown to those who need it, likewise, it is not very helpful and efficient if a team tries to reach and consensus when every member is operating from a different information base that may be conflicting or irreconcilable with the others on the team. It is a fact that data more often than not gets stale that keeping it current is an imperative necessity. At present, most organisational structures and processes have been made sophisticated to solve the problems intrinsic with paper-based information. Information currency and integrity are much simpler problems when the content does not change often, activities being coordinated are not that big or complicated and the information is centrally collected and distributed. However, these are not common characteristics of most businesses today. The distributed environments more commonly found at present need to be able to synchronise information in a distinct and novel way which requires a different set of management structures and processes than most organisations have inherited. Intranet Among the most recent catchphrases